Particle Swarm Optimization Controlled High‐Gain Three‐Port DC–DC Converter With Reduced Switches and Passive Elements for Electrical Vehicle Charging Station

This paper presents a three‐port DC–DC converter along with a high‐gain converter that incorporates a photovoltaic (PV), a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), and a DC link capacitor to formulate a stable standalone supply unit for electric vehicle (EV) charging application. The HESS consists of a battery and a supercapacitor which efficiently manages sudden load changes and variations in PV output. The developed system reduces the size of storage components, extends battery life, and allows the supercapacitor to handle rapid fluctuations. A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) strategy is utilized to regulate the DC link voltage and enhance voltage boosting capabilities and effective power management between the battery and supercapacitor. The transfer function models of a three‐port DC–DC converter integrated with PV and HESS are developed from the small signal model to tune the proportional–integral (PI) controller using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique. On the other hand, a positive output voltage super‐lift Luo converter along with PI controller is incorporated to regulate the required voltage level for charging an EV battery. The developed system is analyzed, and the controller’s performance is validated using MATLAB/Simulink in both transient and steady‐state conditions. The combined control strategies effectively regulate the DC link voltage against PV irradiation and also load current variations which enhances overall system efficiency.