Potential Beneficial Effects of Ocimum gratissimum on Male Fertility: Implication of the Gut-Testicular Axis

This review explores the potential of Ocimum gratissimum, a widely used medicinal plant, to positively influence male fertility, with a particular focus on the emerging role of the gut-testicular axis. Male infertility is a significant global health concern, often linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and hormonal imbalances. Ocimum gratissimum possesses known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, suggesting a potential therapeutic role. This review conducted a search using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on studies investigating the effects of Ocimum gratissimum on male reproductive parameters, gut microbiota composition, and related biochemical pathways. Search terms included "Ocimum gratissimum," "male fertility," "sperm quality," "testosterone," "gut microbiota," "gut-testicular axis," and related terms. Studies were evaluated for relevance, rigor, and data quality. Available evidence suggests that Ocimum gratissimum may improve sperm quality, increase testosterone levels, and reduce oxidative stress in animal models. Furthermore, its antimicrobial properties could potentially modulate gut microbiota composition, influencing the production of metabolites that impact testicular function and hormone regulation via the gut-testicular axis. However, the exact mechanisms and specific bioactive compounds responsible for these effects remain to be fully elucidated, and human clinical trials are limited. In conclusion, Ocimum gratissimum holds promise as a potential natural agent for improving male fertility. Further research, particularly well-designed human studies, is warranted to validate these findings and to fully understand the role of the gut-testicular axis in mediating its effects. This could lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for male infertility.