Sustainable sorbents for phosphorus and pathogen removal from wastewater and their potential reuse

Abstract Excessive phosphorus from agricultural runoff and wastewater discharge is a major contributor to eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems, highlighting the urgent need for effective removal strategies in wastewater treatment. This study evaluates the dual functionality of calcium and iron oxide composites (CaFeOxide) for removing pathogens and phosphorus from wastewater, aiming to mitigate environmental pollution and promote sustainable reuse of spent sorbents. Phosphorus adsorption tests demonstrated that a 2 g/L dosage of CaFeOxide achieved an average removal efficiency of 84%. The composite also exhibited antimicrobial properties comparable to ferric sulphate, reducing Bacillus subtilis spore concentrations. When applied to soil, CaFeOxide improved pH levels and enhanced nutrient availability, underscoring its potential for integrated environmental benefits.