Applying an ethical lens for more responsible modelling practice

In recent years there has been an increasing emphasis on including humans when modelling socio-environmental systems. However, it is crucial that we remain mindful of the impacts that the decisions made during model development or analysis can have on people or nature as modelling is not an impartial process. Responsible modelling requires us to consider the broader societal implications of our work, therefore, modellers should consider a range of ethical concerns, often found beyond those prescribed through institutionally mandated ethical approval processes. Herein we examine the ethical dimensions of six socio-environmental case studies using the principles of credibility, legitimacy, and salience, encompassing the modelling process from conception to delivery and beyond. We also discuss the results from an interdisciplinary workshop held with experienced modellers to co-produce a list of ethical dimensions that modellers would ideally engage with when conducting a modelling project. Based on our findings, we have developed a set of recommendations to: i) support modellers in ensuring their modelling practice is underpinned by ethical reflection, ii) guide end-users of model outputs when selecting and repurposing those outputs, and iii) identify means by which institutions can support responsible modelling practices. Engaging with ethical dimensions in the process of modelling is critical for building trust with stakeholders, therefore enhancing the credibility, legitimacy, and salience of the models and research.