Stochastic generalized Kolmogorov systems with small diffusion. II: Explicit approximations for periodic solutions in distribution

Abstract This paper is Part II of a two-part series on coexistence states study in stochastic generalized Kolmogorov systems under small diffusion. Part I provided a complete characterization for approximating invariant probability measures and density functions, while here, we focus on explicit approximations for periodic solutions in distribution. Two easily implementable methods are introduced: periodic normal approximation and periodic log-normal approximation. These methods offer unified algorithms to calculate the mean and covariance matrix, and verify positive definiteness, without additional constraints like non-degenerate diffusion. Furthermore, we explore essential properties of the covariance matrix, particularly its connection under periodic and non-periodic drift coefficients. Our new approximation methods significantly relax the minimal criteria for positive definiteness of the solution of the discrete-type Lyapunov equation. Some numerical experiments are provided to support our theoretical results.