Leveraging IoT and Machine Learning for Intelligent Water Quality Monitoring Systems

Water quality monitoring is a crucial aspect of public health, particularly in mitigating the risks associated with waterborne diseases and ensuring safe drinking water. Traditional monitoring methods are often labor-intensive, costly, and lack real-time capabilities, making them unsuitable for widespread and rural deployment. This paper examines the integration of advanced technologies, specifically the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML), to design a sophisticated, low-cost water quality monitoring system. Leveraging an array of sensors, including pH, turbidity, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), and dissolved oxygen (DO), combined with the advanced embedded processor, the system ensures seamless data acquisition and processing. IoT enables continuous remote monitoring, while ML algorithms provide predictive analytics and intelligent anomaly detection to identify potential contaminants and trends. These value-driven solutions underscore the transformative potential of advanced technologies in revolutionizing water quality assessment. This review article carefully reviews the available literature on water quality assessment in order to lay out an assortment of conclusions on the concerns, problems, challenges, and research gaps that have emerged during the last few years. Research gaps are identified by thoroughly examining the previously suggested methodologies. The study presented in this article primarily identified the problems with the accuracy of the models, the generation of data collection mechanisms, and the types of data that were used in the suggested frameworks. Subsequently, research avenues towards smart water quality monitoring are offered by examining key concepts crucial to the expansion of this field of research.