Cortical and subcortical polymorphisms: cognitive and motor implications

Introduction. Motor skill learning relies on cognitive processes, with working memory (WM) playing a central role in the early stages. This process involves cognitive planning in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, motor planning in secondary motor areas, and execution in the primary motor area. WM includes the storage and processing of information through neuronal activation, involving the prefrontal cortex (PFC), basal ganglia, and hippocampus. Genetic polymorphisms, such as Val158Met (COMT), TaqIA (DRD2/ANKK1), and Val66Met (BDNF), influence WM and motor learning. Method. This study reviewed research on these polymorphisms and their implications for cognitive and motor functions, using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Results. While some studies identified associations between certain genotypes and cognitive/motor performance, others were inconclusive, suggesting that additional genetic and environmental factors may modulate these effects. Studies analyzing interactions between polymorphisms revealed complex effects, especially between COMT and DRD2/ANKK1, depending on the balance between neurotransmitters and receptors in different brain regions. Stronger interactions were observed in high-performance alleles. Understanding these polymorphisms is essential to clarify brain functioning and interactions, impacting cognitive and motor functions crucial for daily life. Conclusion. Future studies should consider additional variables, such as task type and sample size, to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive and motor functions.