Agent-Based Modeling of Human-Elephant Conflict Dynamics: A Simulation Approach Using NetLogo

Human-elephant conflict (HEC) is a critical socio-ecological issue in Sri Lanka, arising from habitat overlap and competition for resources between humans and elephants. This study employs Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) in the NetLogo environment to simulate the dynamics of HEC and evaluate potential mitigation strategies. The model represents a rural landscape with distinct zones, including villages, farms, conservation areas, and rivers, and incorporates agents such as humans, elephants, and officers with unique behaviours. Simulation parameters, including population densities, hunger levels, and fence breach probabilities, were adjusted to analyze conflict patterns and underlying drivers. Results reveal significant insights, such as the vulnerability of male elephants and male humans, the predominance of nocturnal conflicts, and the role of hunger-driven elephant movements in escalating conflicts. Evaluated mitigation measures include enhanced fencing, strategic patrols, and improved resource management within conservation areas, demonstrating their potential to reduce conflict frequency and fatalities. This research highlights the utility of ABM in understanding complex human-wildlife interactions and provides a foundational framework for developing targeted, evidence-based strategies to mitigate HEC. Future work will integrate seasonal variations and field data to improve the model’s predictive accuracy and real-world applicability.