Social norms and barriers hindering the elimination of child, early, and forced marriage in Mozambique, Uganda, and Ethiopia and policy responses: a qualitative study

Introduction: Child, early and forced marriage (CEFM) remains a problem in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to investigate contextual social norms on CEFM and explore barriers to implementation of policies designed to address these norms in Mozambique, Uganda, and Ethiopia. Methods: Qualitative data was collected from a total of 90 respondents. Forty-two (n=42) interviews were conducted with adolescents, parents, traditional leaders, government officials and civil society organizations. Four (n=4) focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with parents, adolescents, community members and community leaders, comprising a total of 48 participants. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The main social norms which contributed to CEFM in the three countries included the high social value attached to the motherhood status; the commodification of marriage; marriage as a rite of passage into adulthood, social construction of sexuality and the collective moral judgment about responsible parenthood. The norms were sustained by allowing those who abide by them to accumulate social and economic benefits such as stronger social ties within the community and improved social status. Although several policies and laws have been enacted to address these social norms, their impact has been limited. The main policy implementation barriers were the inadequate consideration of social norms that promote CEFM within the policy and legal framework, limited collaboration among key stakeholders, lack of comprehensive monitoring processes, and difficulties among community members to understand the policies due to low literacy levels and poor policy monitoring. Conclusion: Enhancing the policy response to social norms that perpetuate CEFM will require strengthening collaboration between non-governmental organizations, government departments and community leaders in implementation and monitoring of the policies.