A Green Screening Method of Whole Blood for Tumor Necrosis Factor-<i>α</i> Based on the Utilization of a Green Stochastic Sensor

Tumor necrosis factor- α plays a role in the inflammatory processes that occur within the artery walls. Cardiovascular events like heart attacks and strokes are more likely to occur as a result of these consequences, which can worsen plaque formation and instability. Fast screening tests for the assay of tumor necrosis factor- α , able to provide information to medical practitioneers in real time are necessary for early prediction of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, a green smartphone operated stochastic sensor based on immobilisation of calix[4]arene on a graphene matrix decorated with Sulphur, and Boron atoms was designed, and validated for the assay of tumor necrosis factor- α . A wide working concentration range (1.0 × 10 −15 −1.0 × 10 −7 g ml ‒1 ) and a low limit of quantification of 1 fg l ‒1 were achieved for the assay of tumor necrosis factor- α . The tumor necrosis factor- α was recovered in a percentage of 97.20% from whole blood samples, with a relative standard deviation of 0.02%.