Optimization and comparative evaluation of eugenol rich extract from basil leaves using ultrasonic assisted and moderate electric field assisted extraction techniques

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a commonly grown aromatic herb, renowned for its essential oil, particularly due to its high eugenol content. Eugenol, a bioactive phenylpropanoid, is valued for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties, making it highly sought after in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food sectors. Traditional extraction methods, such as hydrodistillation and solvent-based techniques, often prove inefficient, resulting in thermal degradation, low yield, and solvent contamination. Consequently, green extraction technologies like ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and moderate electric field assisted extraction (MEFAE) have emerged as promising alternatives. This study assesses the effectiveness of UAE and MEFAE in extracting eugenol from basil leaves, comparing them to conventional methods. Key extraction parameters, such as temperature, time, and solvent composition, were optimized to improve yield and retain bioactivity. The results indicate that both UAE and MEFAE enhance extraction efficiency, reduce processing time, and maintain the bioactive properties of the eugenol-rich extract. However, UAE surpasses MEFAE in terms of yield, energy efficiency, and preservation of bioactive compounds. These findings underscore the potential of UAE as a superior green extraction method for sustainable and high-yield production of eugenol-rich extract, paving the way for environmentally friendly and industrially scalable applications.