Granular soil particle breakage prediction model based on population evolution theory

A novel particle breakage model for granular soils was developed based on population evolution theory. The relationship between population evolution and particle breakage was first established, introducing key parameters such as the migration rate k, comprehensive environmental impact coefficient r_ij, energy dissipation ratio m_ij, and effective constraint coefficient β, with detailed explanations of their physical significance and calculation methods. The model's characteristics were analyzed, highlighting its ability to account for monodispersity, the equilibrium of extreme grain groups, and the inclusivity of over-limit particle groups. Parameters including fractal dimension and crushing coefficient were derived to further quantify the breakage process. Validation was conducted using experimental data from single-particle and multi-particle size group tests under varying soil conditions and stress states, demonstrating the model's capability to accurately describe the evolution of particle breakage across diverse scenarios.