Numerical Investigation of Static Lateral Load Response in Batter Pile Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbine Applications

Offshore wind energy is a key contributor to sustainable energy, yet its development faces significant technological challenges, particularly in the design of substructures that interface with the marine environment. In this study, a comprehensive numerical analysis was conducted to investigate the mechanical behavior of a high-rise pile cap foundation under hydrostatic loading conditions. A high batter pile bearing foundation model was employed to examine the effects of pile inclinations, embedment depths, lateral loads, and cap elevations on foundation performance. The results indicate that the displacement and bending moment at the pile head decrease significantly as the pile inclination gradually increases. Similarly, as the embedding depth increases gradually, both the displacement and bending moment decrease significantly. Additionally, a positive batter pile exhibits greater bending moments and displacements than a negative batter pile, with the maximum bending moment occurring in the lower one-third of pile below the mudline. These findings provide valuable theoretical guidance for the design of offshore wind turbine foundations, recommending an inclination angle of 8–12° and an embedment depth of 12–15 m to enhance structural stability, economic efficiency, and construction feasibility.