Cross-correlated force measurement for thermal noise reduction in torsion pendulum

The torsion pendulum is a prevailing instrument for measuring small forces acting on a solid body or those between solid bodies. While it offers powerful advantages, the measurement precision suffers from thermal noises of the suspending wires giving rise to stochastic torque noises. This paper proposes a new scheme to reduce the effect of such noise by employing a double torsion pendulum and cross-correlation technique. Cross-correlating two synthesized data streams which are composed of the rotation angles of two torsion stages, it yields the power spectral density estimate of external forces acting on the lower stage with the reduced effect from the thermal torque noises. As an example use case, we discuss the application to the study on the coupling strength of ultralight dark matter to standard model particles. Our evaluation indicates that the upper limit may be improved by an order of magnitude than the previous experiments at 2 mHz, which corresponds to about $8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$.