Treatment of IL-18-binding protein biologics suppresses fibrotic progression in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis, with enhanced interleukin-18 (IL-18) signaling. IL-18-binding protein (IL-18BP) neutralizes IL-18, but its therapeutic potential in MASH is unclear. We find elevated IL-18BP and IL-18 levels in patients with MASH and mice, with free IL-18 correlating with disease severity. IL-18 stimulates interferon-gamma (IFNγ) production in CD4 T cells, increasing hepatic IL-18BP. IL-18BP-deficient mice show worsened liver inflammation and fibrosis. We develop a human IL-18BP biologics (APB-R3) and inject it to mice to evaluate its pharmacologic efficacy. APB-R3 significantly improves MASH in reducing fibrosis and inflammation and inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation via the cGMP pathway. This study proposes that abrogation of IL-18 signaling by boosting IL-18BP can strongly inhibit the development of MASH-induced fibrosis, and our engineered IL-18BP biologics can become a promising therapeutic candidate for curing MASH.