Operational Optimization Strategy for Virtual Power Plants Considering Carbon Trading and Demand Response

To enhance the carbon reduction capacity and economic performance of virtual power plants (VPPs), an operational optimization method incorporating various flexible loads into demand response is proposed. First, a diversified model of flexible loads within the VPP is developed by classifying them based on their distinct characteristics. Then, an improved tiered carbon trading mechanism is formulated by optimizing the traditional stepped carbon pricing model to encourage carbon reduction across the system. Subsequently, an operational optimization model is constructed with the objective of minimizing total operational costs, encompassing both system operational and carbon trading costs, and solved using the CPLEX solver. Finally, three scenarios are designed for comparative analysis to verify the model's effectiveness. Results indicate that establishing appropriate base carbon prices and interval lengths can jointly optimize low-carbon and economic performance. The improved tiered carbon trading mechanism and demand response strategies effectively reduce VPP operational costs and carbon emissions, yielding substantial economic and environmental benefits.