Creation of Zn/MnO Alkaline Elements in Russia: from source processing to finished product

The process of creating primary chemical current sources (CCS) of the Zn/MnO2 electrochemical system is presented, from the processing of manganese ore and the synthesis of electrochemical manganese dioxide to the finished product. The manufactured galvanic cells in the LR03 (AAA) form factor using a traditional conductive additive demonstrated a discharge capacity (994 mAh) comparable to commercial analogues (961-1010 mAh). To increase the efficiency of the current–generating process, graphene electrically conductive additives are proposed - reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and composite rGO/MnO2, which significantly improved the characteristics of the HIT, increasing the discharge capacity to 1118 mAh and 1180 mAh, respectively.