Typhoid and viral hepatitis in a child: revisiting the role of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and vaccines in the epidemiology of faecal-orally transmitted diseases

This case report describes Hepatitis A and typhoid infections in a child hailing from an urban site in India within 4 weeks, thereby highlighting systemic issues with water quality and public health. The case sheds light on the broader public health challenges faced by low- and middle-income countries, including inadequate WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) facilities, contributing to high incidences of faecal-orally transmitted diseases. In 2016, poor WASH was responsible for 60% of diarrhoeal deaths. The Sustainable Development Goals aim to improve global water and sanitation by 2030, emphasising the need for equitable access. Interim solutions like vaccination and point-of-use water treatment are vital. Vaccination against typhoid and hepatitis is especially crucial in areas with high disease prevalence and rising antimicrobial resistance. We must advocate for these vaccines to be included in the National Immunisation Schedules to ensure widespread, equitable coverage and support public health.