Deciphering lead tolerance mechanisms in maize: A thorough analysis

Food security and sustainable crop production are under risk due to the growing problem of lead pollution in agricultural soils. A staple crop grown all over the world, maize is especially vulnerable to lead toxicity, which reduces its yields and growth. The existence of innate tolerance mechanisms is suggested by the fact that certain maize cultivars show differing degrees of tolerance to lead stress. The goal of this review is to give a thorough summary of what is currently known about the lead tolerance strategies used by maize. We examine the physiological, biochemical, and molecular reactions of maize to lead stress, emphasizing the crucial tactics that support its growth and survival under challenging circumstances. This review provides important insights into the intricate processes behind maize's resistance to lead toxicity by highlighting recent research discoveries and outlining potential future directions. In order to improve lead tolerance in maize and provide robust and sustainable agriculture, it is imperative to comprehend these mechanisms.