Urinothorax With Fungal Empyema—A Rare and Unique Combination

Urological procedure for obstructive renal calculi is a rare but important cause of pleural effusion. This case describes a patient presenting with symptomatic unilateral pleural effusion after a urological procedure which was initially treated and resolved. It subsequently recurred and was complicated by fungal pleural infection. It was treated as urinothorax. Treatment consisted of a combination of prompt and effective pleural drainage, prolonged intravenous antifungal and decompression of the urinary system to ensure closure of the nephro-pleural fistula and resulted in a good outcome.