Untangling the waves: decomposing extreme sea levels in a non-tidal basin, the Baltic Sea

Abstract. Extreme sea level (ESL) events are typically caused by the combination of various long surface waves, such as storm surges and high tides. In the non-tidal, semi-enclosed Baltic Sea, however, ESL dynamics differ. Key contributors include the Baltic's variable filling state (preconditioning) due to limited water exchange with the North Sea and inertial surface waves, known as seiches, which are triggered by wind, atmospheric pressure, and basin bathymetry. This study decomposes ESL events in the Baltic Sea into three key components: the filling state, seiches, and storm surges. Our results show that storm surges dominate the western Baltic, while the filling state is more influential in the central and northern regions. Using a numerical hydrodynamic model, we further decompose these components based on their driving forces: wind, atmospheric pressure, North Atlantic sea level, baroclinicity, and sea ice. Wind and atmospheric pressure are the primary forces across all components, with the Atlantic sea level contributing up to 10 % to the filling state. These findings offer a deeper understanding of ESL formation in the Baltic Sea, providing critical insights for coastal flood risk assessment in this unique region.