Role of Blood and Urine-Based Novel Biomarkers in Cervical Cancer Detection, Screening, Prognosis: Current Advances and Future Directions

Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide, and early detection is crucial step for increasing survival rates. Blood and urine-based biomarkers provide non-invasive, very sensitive detection of cervical cancer, allowing for earlier diagnosis and surveillance than traditional procedures such as the Pap test or visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). These biomarkers enhance precision by detecting molecular alterations, lowering false negatives, and facilitating large-scale screening systems. This review focuses on recent advances in non-invasive biomarkers for prediction and diagnosis of cervical cancer. This review analyzes a decade of literature on blood- and urine-based noninvasive biomarkers for cervical cancer detection, screening, prognosis emphasizing recent advancements, innovative approaches, and emerging prospects in biomarker applications to enhance diagnostic precision and effectiveness. HIGHLIGHTS Blood and urine biomarkers are more sensitive and scalable than traditional methods for detecting cervical cancer. Advancements in proteomics, mass spectrometry, and miRNA analysis enable early detection and surveillance of cervical cancer utilizing biomarkers including SCC-Ag, CA-125, and cfDNA. Urine-based biomarkers such miRNA-34a-5p, MMRN1, and LRG1 have promising sensitivity and specificity, making them suitable for cost-effective cervical cancer screening. Omics technologies facilitate the discovery of biomarkers, leading to the creation of personalized cervical cancer treatments. Combining blood and urine biomarkers with modern diagnostic methods improves accuracy and lowers false positives, enabling integrated cervical cancer detection and surveillance. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT