The transformative integration of artificial intelligence in architectural practice: from generative design to sustainable building performance

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in architecture has emerged as a transformative force, reshaping design methodologies and construction technologies. The evolving fields of machine learning, generative design, and evolutionary algorithms have facilitated the exploration of new forms and structures, enhancing creativity, sustainability, and efficiency in architectural practices. This review aims to evaluate the impact of AI on architectural design, focusing on the advancements in machine learning, generative algorithms, and their application in sustainable and efficient design solutions. The study identifies the potential and limitations of these AI-driven technologies in reshaping architectural practice. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using major scientific databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore. Studies from the last 5 years (2020-2025) were selected, focusing on AI's role in architectural design, from conceptualization to construction, with an emphasis on performance optimization, sustainability, and innovation. The review reveals that AI-driven tools like machine learning and generative design significantly enhance architectural creativity by enabling real-time, adaptive design processes. These technologies facilitate energy-efficient and sustainable building designs, optimize space usage, and improve structural durability. Moreover, AI is playing a key role in automating repetitive tasks, thus allowing architects to focus on more creative aspects of design. AI is revolutionizing architectural practices by enhancing design creativity, efficiency, and sustainability. Future research should focus on refining AI tools, addressing limitations such as data scarcity, and ensuring the ethical implementation of AI in architectural design to foster responsible innovation