Study on spatial and temporal differences in ecosystem service synergistic and trade-offs and driving factors in Jilin Province

This study examines the spatial variation, trade-offs, and synergies of four key ecosystem services—water yield, soil conservation, habitat quality, and carbon storage—in Jilin Province from 2000 to 2020 using the InVEST model. We analyzed the spatial-temporal trends and used correlation analysis and a coordination model to explore trade-offs and synergies. Geo-detectors were applied to identify driving factors. Key findings include: (1) Soil retention and water yield increased, while habitat quality and carbon stock slightly declined over 20 years. (2) Complex ecosystem service interactions occurred, with trade-offs in the northwest and synergies in the southeast, but overall declining synergies. (3) Natural factors like topography and climate change had a greater impact on ecosystem services than human activities.