Enhancing human–wildlife coexistence: community perceptions of compensation policies in a protected area of Nepal

Abstract Compensation for wildlife damage is essential for promoting coexistence between humans and wildlife in protected areas. However, despite compensation efforts, human–wildlife conflict (HWC) still persists. In this study, we aimed to understand community attitudes toward wildlife damage compensation and propose changes to existing policies based on local consensus. We collected data by surveying 250 rural citizens from Sunsari, Saptari, and Udayapur Districts near the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR). We also gathered archival data from KTWR and the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Reserve (DNPWR) of Nepal. People perceive that corruption (96.8%), procedural hassles (94%), misuse of political authority (75.2%), and biased treatment (60.8%) were the main challenges in effectively implementing wildlife damage compensation. Many respondents expressed the need for a rational and scientific measurement system, fast-track payment, and a hassle-free application process. They believed that both the KTWR authority and the central government should be involved in managing HWC. Interestingly, households heavily dependent on subsistence farming were less accepting of human–wildlife coexistence, whereas those engaged in other occupations were more open to coexistence along with conservation measures. This study highlights the importance of addressing the obstacles to effective compensation and suggests improvements to the existing policy. This can contribute to better human–wildlife coexistence in protected areas in Nepal.