<i>In Situ</i> Measurement of Adhesion for Multimetallic Nanoparticles

The adhesion of nanoparticles to their supports is key to their performance and stability. However, scientific advances in this area have been hampered by the difficulty of experimentally probing adhesion. To date, only a single technique has been developed that can <i>directly</i> measure nanoparticle adhesion, and this technique is inherently limited to monometallic systems. We present a versatile technique for the direct measurement of adhesion for bimetallic nanoparticle systems. This technique combines the spatial resolution of transmission electron microscopy with the force resolution of an atomic force microscope to probe individual, well-characterized nanoparticles. A first study of supported bimetallic nanoparticles provides new insights into the complex impact of alloying on nanoparticle adhesion, explained by charge transfer between constituent metals. The new experimental technique is readily extensible to study other multimetallic nanoparticle systems, including the effects of particle size, shape, and orientation, thus enabling advances in our understanding of nanoparticle physics.