Nonequilibrium Fluctuation-Response Relations: From Identities to Bounds

In nonequilibrium steady states of Markov jump processes, we derive exact fluctuation-response relations (FRRs) that express the covariance between any pair of currents in terms of static responses in a notably simple form, thus generalizing the fluctuation-dissipation theorem far from equilibrium. We begin by considering perturbations in the symmetric part of the rates. We demonstrate that FRRs imply a hierarchy of thermodynamic bounds. These hierarchies prove the recently conjectured response thermodynamic uncertainty relation, which bounds the ratio between any current's response and its variance by the entropy production rate (EPR). We furthermore strengthen this bound in two distinct ways, using a partial EPR in one case and a pseudo-EPR in the other. For perturbations in the antisymmetric part of the rates, we show that the ratio between any current's response and its variance is bounded by traffic, a metric representing the total number of transitions per unit time in the system. As an application, we use FRRs to explain the origin of positive correlations between currents in Coulomb-blockaded systems previously observed in experiments.