An Improved 2-Level Battery Control Scheme for Photovoltaic Systems in Electric Scooter Using Reference Model Adaptive Controller

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems with electric scooters offers a sustainable solution to urban mobility energy needs, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing environmental impact. In this study, we proposed an advanced control scheme for electric scooter batteries with PV systems using a Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) strategy. The design features a buck-boost converter with two control loops, utilizing dual MRAC controllers (MRAC-MRAC) for real-time estimation of both voltage and battery current within the PV-battery system. Simulation and experimental results reveal that the proposed MRAC-MRAC method surpasses traditional cascade controllers, such as PI-PI and PI-MRAC, particularly in adapting to changes in irradiation and climatic conditions. The controller's experimental validation, conducted using the NI-myRIO-1900 platform, confirms improved performance, marked by faster convergence and reduced oscillations in response to environmental variations.