miR-4428 and miR-185-5p as Key Modulators of Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Homeostasis: Insights into Pathways and Therapeutic Potential in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and dysregulation of glucose metabolism. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) such as <i>miR-4428</i> and <i>miR-185-5p</i> play critical roles in post-transcriptional regulation of genes involved in these processes, but their specific contributions to T2DM pathogenesis remain unclear. Plasma samples from T2DM patients and non-diabetic controls were analyzed for <i>miR-4428</i> and <i>miR-185-5p</i> expression using microarray and bioinformatics tools. Target genes were predicted, and pathway enrichment analysis was performed to explore biological roles. Differential expression analysis revealed a 2.3-fold upregulation of <i>miR-4428</i> and a 14.4-fold downregulation of <i>miR-185-5p</i> in T2DM patients compared to controls. Predicted targets such as <i>ADAR</i>, <i>KLF9</i>, and <i>SOGA1</i> were linked to glucose metabolism and insulin signaling pathways. Enrichment analysis highlighted associations with neuronal signaling, chromatin remodeling, and metabolic regulation pathways. <i>miR-4428</i> and <i>miR-185-5p</i> regulate critical insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism pathways, making them promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for managing T2DM. Future studies should validate these findings experimentally to advance miRNA-based interventions for T2DM and its complications.