“Making Choices for Yourself”: A Qualitative Visual Methods Study on Adolescent Boys’ Autonomy in Physical Activity

Understanding the factors that promote and discourage physical activity among adolescent boys is critical for their long-term health and well-being. This qualitative study investigates the influence of autonomy on physical activity, emphasizing the importance of choice and volition while considering how masculinities shape motivations and behaviors. Utilizing innovative visual methods across two time periods, 13 boys in the UK aged 13 to 17 participated in photo-elicitation interviews. Initial interviews involved researcher-led photo-boards depicting motivational topics and physical activities. Participants were then asked to take photographs of what motivates them to be active, which were discussed in follow-up interviews 2 to 12 weeks later. This approach facilitated the co-construction of data and findings between participants and the researcher. Reflexive thematic analysis, framed by Self-Determination Theory and masculinity theories, revealed that perceived autonomy significantly influences adolescent boys’ motivation to participate in physical activity. This study highlights the pressure on boys to conform to hegemonic masculine sports environments. Boys in our study who felt restricted by these expectations either sought alternative forms of physical activity or withdrew altogether. In contrast, boys who experienced autonomy over their physical activity choices reported higher intrinsic motivation. We advocate tailoring programs to offer a range of physical activities that accommodate different preferences and gendered behavior. Addressing rigid masculine expectations and ensuring inclusivity in physical activity will help promote active lifestyles, boost self-esteem, and support positive body image for all adolescent boys.