Critical research needs to address occupational safety and health of nanomaterial workers

Conceptually, the initial phase of nanomaterial occupational safety and health research is now largely completed and the next phase targeting more refined research is starting. The pending question is what is the critical research that should be conducted to move the field forward and advance worker protection. Research is needed to further understand toxic effects of nanomaterials. There is also need for more exposure data, and for data on the prevalence of the use of controls to prevent worker exposures. One growing area that needs attention is determination of ENM exposure in additive manufacturing. Overall, for the nanomaterial workforce enough time has now passed to consider and implement more rigorous longitudinal epidemiological studies of various groups of workers. Additionally, special attention needs to be continued for investigation of hazard risk and control of exposure to high aspect ratio nanomaterials. Most importantly, there is need for continued refinement of strategies to group nanomaterials and develop categorical risk management guidance.