Uncovering Hidden Dynamics of Past Kinship and Exchange Relations on Papua New Guinea’s South Coast (650–300 cal BP) Through Scanning Electron Microscopy Automated Mineralogy Analyses of Pottery Sherds

Abstract Ethnographic accounts of Melanesian exchange systems, such as the Kula and Hiri, have significantly influenced the development of anthropology. These accounts primarily focus on male agency framed by heroic seafaring ventures, while the agency of women and their cultural practices—key to the interconnectedness of Melanesian societies—has often been overlooked. On Papua New Guinea’s south coast details of women’s cultural practices are available in ethnography, and the remains of the pottery they made survive well in archaeological contexts. This paper reports the results of Scanning Electron Microscopy based Automated Mineralogy (SEM-AM) analyses of selected pottery sherds from two regions on the Papua New Guinea’s south coast located 80 km apart. The sherds are very similar in form and decoration, so we employed precise mineral characterisations to assign the pottery sherds to mineralogical groups and test whether they originated in the same manufacturing location and were traded along the coast. The mineralogical analyses uncovered nuances of past social entanglements, revealing that seafaring alliances and networks were maintained through kinship. We argue that in this instance, pottery-making traditions spread along the coast through the movement of women and intermarriage.