Prevention of acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery

More than 2 million on-pump cardiac surgeries are performed worldwide each year. These procedures are associated with acute kidney injury. To date, many studies are devoted to nephroprotective measures. A comprehensive approach to pre-, intra- and postoperative management was formed. This review summarizes data from studies investigating (goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT), target DO2 strategy, KDIGO Bundle of Care), non-pharmacological (filters for leukodepletion, remote ischemic preconditioning) and pharmacological (dopamine and phenoldopam, dexmedetomidine, glucocorticosteroids, antioxidants, atrial natriuretic peptide) methods of kidney protection. Prospective directions in this field are considered (haptoglobin, QPI-1002 molecule, lithium, nitric oxide, acetaminophen and intravenous infusion of amino acids).