Osteomyelitis Caused by Moesziomyces aphidis in an Immunocompetent Adult: A Case Report and Literature Review

Osteomyelitis caused by <i>Moesziomyces aphidis</i> is exceedingly rare and, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported in immunocompetent individuals. This case represents the first documented instance. A 19-year-old woman developed osteomyelitis following an open right leg fracture sustained in a traffic accident. Initial cultures yielded an unidentified yeast, later identified as <i>M. aphidis</i> through internal transcribed spacer sequencing. The patient demonstrated clinical improvement with combination therapy of amphotericin B and following oral voriconazole. This case underscores the emerging pathogenic potential of <i>Moesziomyces</i> spp., particularly in the setting of trauma and open wounds, and highlights the importance of including this genus in the differential diagnosis of osteomyelitis. A literature review indicates that <i>Moesziomyces</i> infections are predominantly observed in immunocompromised patients, especially in Asia. However, our case underscores the need for greater awareness of this emerging pathogen in immunocompetent hosts as well.