Percent-level timing of reionisation: Self-consistent, implicit-likelihood inference from XQR-30+ Lyα forest data

Abstract The Lyman alpha (Ly $\alpha$ ) forest in the spectra of $z\gt5$ quasars provides a powerful probe of the late stages of the epoch of reionisation (EoR). With the recent advent of exquisite datasets such as XQR-30, many models have struggled to reproduce the observed large-scale fluctuations in the Ly $\alpha$ opacity. Here we introduce a Bayesian analysis framework that forward-models large-scale lightcones of intergalactic medium (IGM) properties and accounts for unresolved sub-structure in the Ly $\alpha$ opacity by calibrating to higher-resolution hydrodynamic simulations. Our models directly connect physically intuitive galaxy properties with the corresponding IGM evolution, without having to tune ‘effective’ parameters or calibrate out the mean transmission. The forest data, in combination with UV luminosity functions and the CMB optical depth, are able to constrain global IGM properties at percent level precision in our fiducial model. Unlike many other works, we recover the forest observations without invoking a rapid drop in the ionising emissivity from $z\sim7$ to 5.5, which we attribute to our sub-grid model for recombinations. In this fiducial model, reionisation ends at $z=5.44\pm0.02$ and the EoR mid-point is at $z=7.7\pm0.1$ . The ionising escape fraction increases towards faint galaxies, showing a mild redshift evolution at fixed UV magnitude, $M_\textrm{UV}$ . Half of the ionising photons are provided by galaxies fainter than $M_\textrm{UV} \sim -12$ , well below direct detection limits of optical/NIR instruments including $\textit{ JWST}$ . We also show results from an alternative galaxy model that does not allow for a redshift evolution in the ionising escape fraction. Despite being decisively disfavoured by the Bayesian evidence, the posterior of this model is in qualitative agreement with that from our fiducial model. We caution, however, that our conclusions regarding the early stages of the EoR and which sources reionised the Universe are more model-dependent.