The Prevalence and Associated Factors of Atopic Dermatitis in Children between Six Months and Twelve Years Attending the Pediatrics Dermatology Clinic at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition, typically beginning in early childhood and characterized by pruritus and dry, scaly lesions. It affects up to 20% of children globally, with varying prevalence across regions. In Africa, its prevalence ranges from 4.7% to 23%, but limited data exists for Kenya, particularly in pediatric populations. Purpose of study: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of AD and explore factors influencing its occurrence in pediatric patients aged 6 months to 12 years at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted, with 148 participants recruited consecutively. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, covering demographics, family and personal histories of atopic conditions, and AD severity. The prevalence of AD was calculated, and binary logistic regression was used to investigate associated factors. Stata version 17 was used for analysis. Significance was assessed at 95%. Results: The study found a 25.7% prevalence of AD. Younger children (aged ≤5 years) had significantly higher odds of developing AD (OR = 16.99, 95% CI: 5.12, 56.37, p < 0.001), as did children aged 6-10 years (OR = 4.70, 95% CI: 1.42, 15.53, p = 0.011). Males were more likely to develop AD compared to females (OR = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.32, 6.03, p = 0.007). Family history of atopic conditions, including asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and AD, was strongly associated with higher odds of AD. Children with unemployed mothers also had a higher risk (OR = 2.39). AD severity varied, with 44.7% having minimal eczema, 34.2% mild, 13.1% moderate, and 7.4% severe. Conclusion and recommendations: One in four children attending a dermatology clinic was found to have atopic dermatitis. The study recommends early AD screening for children, particularly those with a family history of atopy, to improve early detection and management.