The influence of payments and time payments: Preconditions to implement nature-based solutions in Austrian cities

Worldwide, nature-based solutions have emerged as a concept for ecosystem-based approaches to address societal challenges of climate change, natural disasters, food and water security, human health and well-being, and economic and social development. This paper analyses the opportunities to develop NBS in Austrian cities and how to overcome typical barriers to implementation. Aiming to investigate under which conditions nature-based solutions reduce particulate matter, NO 2 and air temperature, a survey of urban residents was conducted. The results (based on 1055 respondents) underline the high relevance of design types such as green corridors, street greening or community gardens, and the important role of direct and time payments. Generally speaking, a willingness to pay €45 with a time payment of 10-min to home were acceptable if high environmental benefits are achieved. An in-depth analysis of the four classes (environmentally, design, cost & accessibility sensitive) showed different sensitivities and trade-off tendencies, which are important insights for urban planning processes and local decision making. The practical implications of the research are found in the development of an evidence base of possible alternatives and arrangements through which investments in NBS can be obtained and greater insight into how the development of blue and green infrastructure in cities can be enhanced. • The urban population in Austria would invest in NBS, if their effectiveness is high • The applied choice experiment shows the influence of 8 factors relevant for new NBS • The urban population values the effectiveness of NBS differently • Time payments in form of walking distance to home are a newly introduced factor of high relevance for the urban population