Khakass-Mongolian lexical correspondences of terms of consanguinity

Kinship (blood relationship or consanguinity) terminology constitutes the most ancient and relatively stable component of the lexical system of any language. At the same time, these terms are characterized by a dynamic nature, possessing multiple meanings, polyfunctionality, and intersecting features and lexical-semantic variants, which reflect the peculiarities of the traditional kinship system. This study has established ten lexical parallels between Khakass and Mongolian kinship terms. The Common Turkic and Common Mongolian kinship systems subsume these terminologies. A synchronic analysis has been conducted to identify the shared and unique lexico-semantic and lingua cultural characteristics. A definitional analysis established lexical parallels with varying degrees of semantic congruence. In both the Khakass and Mongolian languages, some terms in the form of addresses acquire the -й indicator. In addition, basic kinship terms in the Khakas language employ the second-person singular -ң indicator when used for addressing purposes. However, such grammaticalization phenomenon does not always reflect kinship relations to a particular person. Compared to Khakass kinship terms, Mongolian ones exhibit more extensive semantic complexities, likely due to differing usage frequencies. The semantic structures of some Mongolian terms include lexical-semantic variants for both male and female members of the upper class, thereby exceeding the boundaries of kinship terminology. The evolution of these semantic features reflects the historical and sociocultural experiences of the Mongolian people. The frequency and passivity of kinship term usage, indicative of a specific ethnic group’s unique mentality, demonstrates the extent of interaction within the extended family unit, functioning as a miniature society.