Multiscale Modeling Framework for Urban Climate Heat Resilience—A Case Study of the City of Split

This study presents a comprehensive framework for evaluating urban heat resilience, incorporating urban climatology models, their characteristics, and simulation programs. Utilizing the local climate zone (LCZ) classification method, this research explores how urban geomorphology influences the thermal characteristics of the area. This study integrates spatial data at different “levels of detail” (LOD), from the meso- to building scales, emphasizing the significance of detailed LOD 3 models acquired through 3D laser scanning. The results demonstrate the ability of these models to identify urban heat islands (UHIs) and to simulate urban planning scenarios, such as increasing green spaces and optimizing building density, to mitigate the UHI effect. The ST3D 3D model of the city of Split, represented using an LOD 2 object model, is utilized for meso- and local-scale analyses, while LOD 3 models derived from laser scanning provided in-depth insights at the building scale. The case studies included the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Geodesy building on the University of Split campus and the old town hall in the densely built city center. This framework highlights the advantages of integrating GIS and BIM technology with urban climate analyses, offering tools for data-driven decision-making and fostering sustainable, climate-resilient urban planning.