The Calculation of Green Open Space Patterns in The Cities in Indonesia

It is commonly thought in city development that more development areas should be in the central business districts (CBDs) and residential areas (RAs). However, the existence of green open spaces (GOSs) has received less attention in efforts to preserve colonial cities (CCs) in Indonesia. Green open spaces (GOSs) primarily serve as balancers of ecological functions, including controlling air and water quality and balancing microclimates. The purpose of this study was to calculate the pattern of GOSs due to the development of CBDs and RAs in the CCs of Malang and Bandung. The quantitative descriptive method utilised spatial analysis, normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) analysis, and connectivity analysis using space syntax. Spatial analysis was used to calculate the GOS patterns, and NDVI analysis was employed to describe changes in the GOS patterns of CBDs and RAs. Furthermore, space syntax analysis was used to analyse the influence of the development of the CBDs and RAs on changes in GOS patterns based on connectivity levels. The study’s results clarified the connectivity calculations using DepthMap and the Google Earth Engine, converting them into easily interpretable metrics for evaluating connectivity and NDVI across two separate areas. The novelty and innovation obtained from this research is a formula that can facilitate seeing more simply and efficiently the correlation between connectivity and the need for GOSs in a city by overlaying these two aspects. The RAs are characterised by low connectivity and elevated NDVI. Conversely, the CBDs exhibited high connectivity but low NDVI.