Effect of (Gd, Co) Co-Doping on Ferroelectric and Ferromagnetic Properties of BiFeO₃ Material

Pure BiFeO 3 and (Gd, Co) co-doped BiFeO 3 samples were synthesized by a sol-gel method. The effects of (Gd, Co) co-doping on the crystal structure of BiFeO 3 were investigated using various techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, magnetization hysteresis loops, ferroelectric hysteresis loops. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that all samples exhibited a rhombohedrally distorted cubic perovskite structure. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Bi, Fe, O, Gd and Co atoms in the same atomic and weight percentages consistent with their empirical formulas. Measurement results of ferroelectric properties demonstrated that (Gd, Co) co-doping enhanced the ferroelectricity of BiFeO 3 materials. The magnetization results indicated that (Gd, Co) co-doping effectively improve the ferromagnetism. The study also explores the origins of the magnetic properties observed in the materials.