Gender inequality in STEM: a global assessment of key influencing factors across nations

This study investigates five major factors that contribute to gaps in STEM participation: stereotypes and cultural norms, educational access and quality, workplace discrimination and bias, representation and role models, and policy and institutional support. Societal norms affect conceptions of STEM as male-dominated disciplines, restricting female participation from a young age. Educational disadvantages, such as unequal access to STEM resources and gendered teaching styles, impede women's participation. In professional environments, workplace biases impede recruiting, promotion, and financing, restricting career advancement. The underrepresentation of female role models exacerbates these issues, lowering expectations among young women. Furthermore, disparities in national policies and institutional support structures have a substantial impact on gender equity, affecting recruitment, retention, and total STEM participation. Through a cross-national analysis, this research highlights systemic challenges and explores policy interventions that can foster greater inclusivity in STEM fields worldwide.