Exploring Anabaena-Azolla symbiosis: Multifunctional roles in sustainable agriculture, livestock productivity, and bioenergy

Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic group of ancient, morphologically varied organisms that utilize oxygen for photosynthesis, contributing significantly to global carbon and nitrogen fixation while improving crop quality. With the rising population and increasing demand for food, advancing agricultural productivity is essential. Therefore, ongoing research is crucial for boosting crop development and increasing food output. According to previous studies, cyanobacteria are among the best sources for crop development and enhancement. In addition, the Azolla-Anabaena are environmentally significant organisms, as they can be used in bioremediation, the reclamation of infertile land, mosquito control, and the sustainable intensification of animal husbandry by serving as high-quality fodder. Furthermore, they play a role in bioenergy development, emphasizing bio-oil and biodiesel production. The applications of these cyanobacterial systems extend far beyond traditional agriculture, presenting opportunities for innovation in the bioenergy sector. This review provides in-depth information on the critical role of cyanobacteria in ecological restoration and socioeconomic improvement, offering valuable insights for advancing sustainable agricultural practices and renewable energy solutions. In addition, the review highlights broader applications of the Anabaena-azollae symbiosis in nitrogen fixation, plant growth, and animal feed, underscoring their multifaceted nature and vast potential for practical use.