The functions and symbolic meanings of Bonpo apparel and accessories in ceremonial rituals

Bon is one of the earliest forms of Tibetan indigenous belief, playing a significant role in shaping the cultural and spiritual identity of the Tibetan people. While existing studies have primarily focused on the rituals and doctrines of Bon, the functional and symbolic roles of Bon apparel and accessories have received limited attention. This study seeks to fill this gap by exploring the functions and symbolic meanings of apparel and accessories in Bonpo ceremonial rituals, specifically the divine dance ritual, exorcism ritual, and sky-worship ritual. Through an extensive literature review and field research, this study analyzed the apparel and accessories worn by key participants, including monks, lamas, shamans, and priests, and investigated how these can reflect Bonpo beliefs, spiritual hierarchy, and societal norms. In addition, this study highlighted the importance of colors, materials, styles, and patterns in conveying the spiritual and cultural significance of Bonpo apparel. There are two contributions to this study. First, through a systematic analysis of Bonpo apparel and accessories in ceremonial rituals, this study addresses a gap in the academic understanding of the relationship between religious rituals, apparel, and symbolic practices, offering new insights into the role of apparel in religious ceremonies. Second, by exploring the functions and symbolic meanings of Bonpo apparel and accessories in ceremonial rituals, a framework for future studies on the cultural significance of traditional religious garments has formed to support broader efforts in cultural and academic inquiry.