Encapsulating volatiles: The role of emulsion stability on the retention of d-limonene during emulsification and spray drying

Emulsion stability is widely regarded as an important factor for effective encapsulation. However, its role in retaining volatile compounds throughout different stages of the encapsulation process remains unclear. This study investigated the encapsulation of an essential oil model system (sunflower oil containing d-limonene) through emulsification followed by spray drying. It focused on understanding the impact of emulsion stability on d-limonene retention during these stages, paying special attention to surface oil formation. Four formulations were prepared by varying the content of initial solids (20 and 40 wt%) and pea protein isolate (0.9 and 3.0 wt%). Results showed that protein content primarily influenced emulsion stability during emulsification, while solids content affected stability during the spray-drying stage. Notably, emulsion stability itself had a limited impact on d-limonene retention. Loss occurred at all stages, but the most significant losses (2.06–11.63 %) occurred during spray drying and were closely associated to particle properties, specifically the amount of surface oil per surface area of particle (mSO per SA). The formulation containing higher solids and protein resulted in the lowest mSO per SA (1.81 ± 0.04 g/m 2 ) and the highest d-limonene retention (97.00 ± 0.42 %). Rapid solidification due to increased initial solid content and the effects on morphology development due to higher protein content minimized d-limonene loss. These findings revealed that particle properties, rather than emulsion stability, became the dominant factor in determining d-limonene retention. This study offers valuable guidelines for optimizing the spray-drying encapsulation process of volatiles in various food applications. • Emulsion stability decreased after spray drying. • More d-limonene was released during spray drying than during emulsification. • The emulsion stability had limited influence on d-limonene release. • Reducing surface oil per surface area of powders reduced d-limonene release. • Skin formation influenced d-limonene release.