Microstructure analysis and biological properties of sodium hydroxyapatite with added citric acid to electrolyte

The growth orientation of the HA crystals was controlled through the addition of sodium citrate to the electrolyte during electrochemical deposition. Additionally, the impact of the sodium citrate inhibition time on the morphology of HA crystals across various deposition periods was evaluated. The differences in biocompatibility of coatings due to the addition of sodium citrate were elucidated. The coatings were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results revealed that controlling the crystal-oriented growth of HA significantly influenced cell adhesion and migration. This enhancement improved the suitability of the porous Ti scaffold for biomedical implant applications.