Digital skills in selected European Union countries in the context of digital exclusion

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the key factors of the digital exclusion in selected European Union countries. Specifically, it examines the economic, social, and demographic determinants that shape digital accessibility and digital literacy in these nations. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study analyses the factors associated with the level of digital skills, as measured by the DSI indicator, which is considered a key representation of digital exclusion. The analysis covers the 27 European Union countries from 2014 to 2023, enabling the identification of trends and changes over the examined period. Furthermore, correlations between the DSI levels and selected factors are investigated to determine the primary determinants of digital exclusion. Findings: Significant variation in digital skill levels and the factors influencing them was observed across European Union countries. Strong correlations were identified between digital skills, GDP, and the level of education (both formal and informal). Additionally, the average age of the population was found to be a negative factor, which, in the context of aging societies, may play a crucial role in shaping future policies aimed at promoting digital inclusion for this demographic group. Research Limitations/Implications: The conducted study provides a starting point for further analysis using a cross-sectional and temporal approach, focusing on digital exclusion in Europe. Practical Implications: The results of the study have facilitated the identification of socio- economic factors associated with digital exclusion in European Union countries. These findings highlight key areas that require targeted action by policy-makers, particularly in addressing social inequalities and the digital marginalization of certain demographic groups. Social Implications: The studies highlight the need for comprehensive education to develop key digital skills, enabling individuals to engage effectively and safely with the digital transformation of society and to prevent digital exclusion. They also indicate that, despite significant advancements in the availability of Internet technology over the years, digital exclusion remains unresolved, pointing to various underlying determinants of this issue. Originality/Value: The paper identifies the factors associated with digital exclusion and provides recommendations for actions aimed at reducing digital inequality. Keywords: sustainability, digital exclusion, digital transformation. Category of the paper: Research paper.