The Significance of Air Pollution in the Process of Stone Deterioration

Stone materials used in monuments, structures, and sculptures are highly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution. Sulphur and nitrogen oxides are among the most harmful pollutants, especially for carbonate stones. When these oxides come into contact with atmospheric moisture, they form acids that gradually corrode the surface of the stone, weakening its structural integrity. These acids may also react with solid particles in the air, such as heavy metals and salts, to create black crusts that blemish the original appearance of the stone. These crusts not only compromise the structural stability of the stone but also pose a significant threat to the preservation of important monuments and buildings. Our research shows that stone structures exposed to air pollution for extended periods can provide valuable insight into historical pollution levels through their weathering crusts. These findings offer important insights for improving long-term geochemical records and restoring past air quality conditions. Additionally, this methodology can enhance the study and preservation of stone weathering while enabling more accurate reconstructions of historical pollutant levels.