Outcomes of Hindfoot and Ankle Arthrodesis in Patients with Charcot Neuroarthropathy

Background. Involvement of the hindfoot and ankle in diabetic Charcot neuroarthropathy is often associated with subtotal or total defects of the talus, leading to unstable multiplanar deformities and a significant loss of weight-bearing capacity in the affected limb. Numerous arthrodesis techniques and fixation methods have been developed; however, in most cases, the final choice of surgical treatment depends on the surgeon’s preference. The aim of the study — to evaluate the outcomes of the surgical treatment of patients with hindfoot and ankle deformities due to Charcot neuroarthropathy who underwent arthrodesis using various fixation methods. Methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 96 patients (97 feet) with Charcot neuroarthropathy affecting the hindfoot. Of these, 28 patients had type 1 diabetes, and 53 had type 2 diabetes. The average follow-up period was 21.0±1.0 months. Arthrodesis with the Ilizarov external fixator was performed in 86 (88.7%) cases, and internal fixation using screws, plates, or intramedullary nails was used in 11 (11.3%) cases. Results. Bony ankylosis and fusion were achieved in 95 (98.0%) cases, including 85 (98.8%) out of 86 cases with external fixation and 10 (90.9%) out of 11 cases with internal fixation. Due to noncompliance with weight-bearing protocols, revision arthrodesis was required in 9 (9.3%) cases at different stages of treatment and rehabilitation. Septic complications occurred in 20 (20.6%) cases at various treatment stages. Conclusions. High rates of bony ankylosis formation were achieved with both external and internal fixation methods. However, external fixation proved to be a more reliable treatment option for patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy, given the typical characteristics of this cohort of patients, including poor skin condition, high BMI, reduced compliance, and challenges in adhering to fixation and weight-bearing regimens.