Objectivity issues in numerical modeling of cracking in RC beams based on enhanced section kinematics

This paper extends the discussion on critical numerical objectivity issues in finite element analysis of reinforced concrete beam elements, highlighted in previous studies by the authors.We address these challenges using enhanced displacement-based beam finite element models that incorporate bond-slip effects, warping deformation modes, and fracture energy regularization.The introduction of enriched kinematics aims to reduce mesh dependency and more accurately capture localized damage, particularly cracking phenomena.Comparative numerical simulations demonstrate the limitations of classical beam elements and the advantages provided by the enhanced ones, laying the groundwork for future developments in force-based models.